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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a non-communicable disease? | diseases that are not infectious so cannot be passed from one person to another |
| Do communicable or non-communicable diseases affect more people? | non-communicable, by far |
| List four factors for non-communicable diseases? |
• genes • age • lifestyle eg smoking, drinking, overeating, lack of exercise • the environment eg second-hand tobacco smoke, lead in paint, UV rays from the sun |
| What is a carcinogen? | a chemical that can trigger cancer |
| What is meant by saying there is a correlation between a disease and a factor? | it means that there MAY be a link but does not prove that the factor causes the disease |
| Does a correlation prove a cause? | no - correlation suggests nothing more than a possible link that is worth exploring |
| What is a causal mechanism? | it explains how a factor influences another through a biological process |
| Name a causal link between a non-communicable disease and a life style factor. | it has been proven that smoking tobacco can cause lung cancer |
| Does smoking cause lung cancer? | smoking increases the risk of lung cancer because of the carcinogens inhaled |
| Describe an example of the human impact on the individual. | a person with arthritis in their hands will find it painful to feed themselves and if the disease is sufficiently advanced, will be completely unable to do so |
| Describe an example of the human impact on the family. | a bread-winner of a family with terminal cancer will leave the family without an income when dying |
| Describe the impact of disease on society | reduced taxes when workers die, and support costs for children left behind |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When does a tumour develop? | when control of the sequence of cell division making cells grow in an abnormal, uncontrolled way |
| How do tumour cells reproduce? | the divide very rapdily with very little time for growth in between each cell division - they do not respond to the normal mechanisms that control cell division |
| What is a tumour? | a mass of abnormally growing cells |
| Can tumours be cuased by communicable diseases? | yes |
| Name a communicable disease that causes tumours in plants. | the bacteria agrobacterium tumefaciens can cause crown galls in plants |
| Name a communicable disease that causes tumours in humans. | the human papilloma virus (HPV) can cause cervical cancer in humans |
| What is a benign tumour? | growths of abnormal cells contained in one place usually within a membrane |
| Why are they referred to as benign? | they do not invade other parts of the body |
| Can a benign tumour be dangerous? | yes, benign tumours can grow very large such that they put pressure on or cause damage to another organ |
| Give an example of a benign tumour being dangerous. | a brain tumour can be very dangerous as there is little space in the skull for it to occupy |
| What is a malignant tumour? | cells from the malignant tumour can spread to healthy tissues |
| What is cancer? | a malignant tumour |
| How does a malignant tumour invade healthy tissues? |
• the tumour releases small clumps of cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system • they circulate and lodge in new locations in the body • they develop into secondary tumours in the new locations |
| How do cancer cells differ from healthy cells? |
• they divide faster • they live longer • they do not perform their normal function |
| What is the effect of a growing tumour? | it can disrupt normal tissues preventing them from functioning properly possibly causing death if left untreated |
| Why is the problem treating malignant tumours? | because of the way they spread around the body, it can be very difficult to treat them, often no sooner is one tumour eliminated than another one appears in a different location |
| Are the causes of cancer all known? | No. Scientists still do not know what causes some cancers |
| List the known causes of cancer. |
• genetic risk factors • cell mutations • ionising radiation • virus infections |
| Name two cancers linked to genetic risk factors. |
• early breast cancer • ovarian cancer |
| Name two chemicals that can cause mutations the can lead to cancer. |
• asbestos • the tar in tobacco smoke |
| What are cancer causing agents called? | carcinogens |
| Name two examples of ionising radiation that can cause cancer. |
• UV light • X rays |
| What is a melanoma? | a malignant skin tumour often caused by UV radiation |
| What type of cells cause melanomas? | pigment forming cells in the skin |
| What percentage of cancers are caused by viruses? | about 15% |
| Name a cancer caused by a virus. | cervical cancer is almost always the result of infection by HPV |
| Can HPV be prevented? | there is an effective vaccine for HPV |
| Why can cancer be difficult to treat? | because of the way they can spread through the body |
| List the two main ways of treating cancer? |
• radiotherapyy • chemotherapy |
| What is radiotherapy? | cancer cells are killed by targeted doses of radiation |
| What is the disadvantage of radiotherapy? | it damages healthy cells at the same time as it kills cancer cells |
| Why are cure rates improving with radiotherapy? | because of improved methods of targetting cancer cells with radiation |
| What is chemotherapy? | chemicals are used to stop cancer cells reproducing or causing them to 'self-destruct' |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many chemicals produced by burning tobacco leaves cause disease? | at least 150 are linked to disease |
| How do harmful chemicals in cigarettte smoke reach the cells in the body? | they are absorbed into the bloodstream in the lungs and distributed throughout the body |
| What is the addictive chemical in cigarettes? | nicotine |
| What is the effect of nicotine? | it produces a feeling of well-being and calm - it is relatively harmless compared to other chemicals in burning tobacco |
| Name a poisonous gas produced by burning cigarettes. | carbon monoxide |
| Why is carbon monoxide dangerous? | it uses up some of the oxygen carrying capacity in the blood, reducing the amount of oxygen the blood can carry |
| By how much is the oxygen reduced by cigarette smoking? | after one cigarette, up to 10% of the blood will be carrying carbon monoxide instead of oxygen |
| What is the impact on the smoker of carbon monoxide? | smokers are more breathless than non-smokers |
| Why is smoking a problem during pregnancy? | because it reduces the oxygen in the mother's blood which in turn reduces the oxygen that reaches the fetus |
| What is the effect on the fetus of oxygen shortgae due to smoking? | the fetus does not get the oxygen it needs to grow properly which can lead to • premature birth • low birth weight • still birth |
| How many still births are there a year in the UK? | about 3500 a year |
| How many still births are due to smoking? | about 20%, in other words, 700 babies a year are born dead due to smoking |
| Where are cilia found in the lungs? | they line the trachea and the bronchi |
| What is the role of the cilia in the trachea and the bronchi? | they carry mucus, bacteria and dirt away from the lungs |
| What is the physical effect of smoking on the cillia? | they are anaesthetised and stop working allowing pathogens and dirt down into the lungs |
| What are the consequences of pathogens and dirt entering deep into the lungs? | increased risk of infections |
| Aside from increased infections, what is the other side effect of the cillia not working? | mucus that would normally be removed by the cillia builds up and causes coughing as the lungs try to get rid of it |
| Name a toxic substance found in tobacco smoke. | tar |
| What is tar? | a sticky black chemical |
| What does tar do to the lungs? | it accumulates in the lungs turning them from pink to black |
| What is the impact of tar on the person's health? |
• increased chances of bronchitis • COPD • cancer |
| What is bronchitis? | the inflammation and infection of the bronchi |
| What is COPD? |
• COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease • the build up of tar in the lungs can lead to the breakdown of the structure of the alveoli • this reduces the surface area to volume ratio • this causes severe breathlessness and eventually death |
| What cancers does tar cause? | it significantly increases the chances of cancers of the breathing system such as • lung cancer • throat cancer • larynx cancer • trachea cancer |
| What organs besides the lungs are seriously affected by smoking? | the heart and the blood vessels |
| What is the effect of smoking on the skin? | it narrows the blood vessels ageing the skin faster |
| Is the relationship between smoking and cardiovascular disease correlation or causation? | scientists have shown that it is causation |
| How does smoking cause cardiovascular disease? |
Cigarette smoke has the following effects - • nicotine increases heart rate • some chemicals damage the lining of the arteries • some chemicals increase blood pressure Together the above effects increase cardiovascular disease including • an increase in the chances of blood clots • an increase in the chances of heart attacks • an increase in the chances of a stroke |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why are weight and exercise important health considerations? | the evidence is growing that weight and exercise affects the risk of developing various diseases, some of which can be life-threatening |
| How does a person become fat? | by eating more food than is needed |
| What is fat? | stored food |
| Is all fat bad? | no, some fat is needed to cushion the internal organs and as an energy store |
| What is obese? | seriously or dangerously overweight |
| Are there consequences to obesity? | obesity can lead to serious helth problems including • type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar levels which are hard to control) • high blood pressure • heart disease |
| What determines the amount of food you need? | as exercise determines the amount of energy you need, energy that is obtained from food by respiration, exercise determines the food that is needed |
| How do people become fitter? | by exercising |
| What is the effect of exercise on muscle? | exercise builds bigger muscles |
| What is the effect of exercise on energy needed? | muscle tissue needs much more energy than fat, so the more muscle, the higher the energy need |
| What is the effect of exercise on the heart and lungs? | people who exercise regularly have fitter hearts and bigger lungs than people who do not exercise |
| What counts as exercise? |
• walking to school • running around the house • an active job • exercise is not just 'working out' or playing sport, although these are good forms of exercise |
| How is the energy used from food eaten? |
• 60 to 75% is used for basic functions that keep a person alive • 10% is needed to digest food • only 15 to 30% is affected by physical activity |
| Why do doctors encourage people to exercise? | evidence shows that people who exercise regularly are a lot less likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases and other health provlems like type 2 diabetes |
| Why does exercise improve health? |
• more muscle tissue increases metabolic rate making it less likely to be overweight • not being overweight reduces the risk of developing arthritis, diabetes, and high blood pressure • the heart is fitter leading to a better blood supply • lowers blood cholesterol levels balancing the different cholesterols reducing the chance of heart disease by reducing the risk of fatty deposits building up on the coronary arteries |
| What is type 2 diabetes? | blood sugar levels are not controlled as • either, the body does not produce enough insulin, • or, the cells do not respond to insulin |
| What are the consequences of type 2 diabetes? | problems with • circulation, • kidney functions, • eyesight, • and eventually death |
| What are the risk factors of type 2 diabetes? |
• age • genes • overweight or obese • not exercising |
| What is the worrying trend with type 2 diabetes in the UK? | it is becoming increasingly more common in young people |
| What are the estimates for people with diabetes in the future? | 4 million people by 2020 of which 90% will have type 2 diabetes |
| How can type 2 diabetes be treated in most people? | most people can restore their normal blood glucose balance by eating a balanced diet with controlled amounts of carbohydrates, losing weight, and regular exerise |
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the chemical name for alcohol? | ethanol |
| What is the problem with alcohol | it is poisonous and addictive |
| If alcohol is poisonous, why does it not kill people when they drink it? | the liver can usually remove it before permanent damage or death results |
| What happens to alcohol from the stomach when it is consumed? | it is absorbed into the blood then distributed around the body to the organs including the brain |
| What is the visible effect of alcohol? | it makes thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower |
| Why does alcohol make thought processes, reflexes and reactions slower? | it affects the nervous system |
| What are the consequences of different amounts of alcohol? |
• small amounts - relaxed, cheerful, and reduces inhibitions • larger amounts - lack of self-control and lack of judgement • high amounts - unconsciousness, coma and death |
| What does it mean to be addicted to alcohol? | it means the person needs the drug to function |
| What are the long-term effects of alcohol excess? |
• liver damage • brain damage • cancer • death |
| How does alcohol damage the liver? | it can cause cirrhosis of the liver where liver tissue is destroyed and replaced by non-functional scare tissue |
| How is alcohol linked to cancer? | alcohol is a carcinogen so heavy drinkers are at a higher risk of liver cancer which spreads quickly and is difficult to treat |
| How is the brain affected by excess alcohol consumption? | the brain becomes soft and pulpy so that the brain structures are lost and it cannot function properly |
| How long does it take for alcohol to damage the brain and liver? | damage usually takes many years but short bouts of very heavy drinking can have the same effect, even in young people |
| Why is drinking alcohol in pregnancy discouraged by doctors? | the alcohol moves across the placenta into the baby damaging it |
| What are the consequences for the baby of the mother drinking during pregnancy? |
• miscarriage • still birth • premature birth • low birth weight |
| Why is alcohol very damaging for a developing baby in the womb? | the developing liver cannot cope with alcohol so the baby can be badly damaged |
| What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)? | disorders in the baby as a result of heavy drinking during pregnancy |
| What can FAS cause? |
• facial deformities • problems with the teeth • hearing problems • problems with the jaw • kidney malfunction • liver damage and problems • heart problems |
| How can a mother avoid FAS? | by not drinking at all - there is no evidence for a safe level of drinking |
| What is a carcinogen? | a substance capable of causing cancer |
| What is the danger of ionising radiation? | it is a carcinogen |
| Name a source of ionising ionisation? | radioactive materials like uranium |
| How does ionising radiation damage organisms? |
• it penetrates the cell and damages the chromosomes, causing mutations in the DNA • the greater the exposure to ionising radiation, the greater the chance of mutations that lead to cancer |
| Why is ionising radiation particularly dangerous when taken directly into the body? | it enables the radiation to penetrate directly into the cells |
| Name sources of ionising radiation. |
• ultraviolet light from the sun • radioactive materials found in the doil, water and air • medical and dental X-rays • accidents in nucler power generation |
| What is the impact of ultraviolet radiation? | it increases the risk of skin cancers such as melanoma - sunscreen and clothing are effective protection |
| Where are radioactive materials common in the soil? | radon gas in granite-rich areas such as Cornwall and the Pennines |
| Name a damaging nuclear power plant accident. | Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986 |
| Why is a nuclear power plant accident so danagerous? | because they can spread ionising radiation over wide areas |
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